COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, presents symptoms ranging from mild, like cough and fever, to severe, including pneumonia and respiratory failure. The virus spreads primarily through respiratory droplets, significantly impacting global health, economies, and daily life through widespread preventive measures such as social distancing and vaccinations.

Lung cancer is a major health concern globally, primarily caused by smoking, with other risk factors including exposure to radon gas, asbestos, and air pollution. It often goes undetected in early stages due to subtle symptoms like a persistent cough and chest pain, significantly affecting prognosis and survival rates.

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a severe lung condition caused by direct lung injury or as a complication of other severe illnesses, leading to rapid and widespread lung inflammation. This condition results in significant respiratory failure and challenges in oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange, carrying high mortality rates without immediate and effective treatment.